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Melanchthon Circle
The Melanchthon Circle was a 16th-century Lutheran intellectual network centred on the University of Wittenberg in Germany, and its leading theologian Philip Melanchthon. It was identified as significant for its interests in natural philosophy by Lynn Thorndike, in a chapter "The Circle of Melanchthon" in his multi-volume ''History of Magic and Experimental Science''.〔Thorndike, Chapter XVII.〕 Among this circle were found many of the most important early proponents of the heliocentric model of Copernicus.〔Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, ''The Printing Press as an Agent of Change:
communications and cultural transformations in early-modern Europe'', Volume 1 (1980), p. 618 note 145; (Google Books )〕 They included Caspar Peucer who became Melanchthon's son-in-law, Erasmus Reinhold, and Georg Joachim Rheticus. Patronage came from Albert, Duke of Prussia.〔Robert S. Westman, ''The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order'' (2011), pp. 144-5; (Google Books ).〕
==Melanchthon's views in natural philosophy==
In lecturing on the ''Librorum de judiciis astrologicis'' of Ptolemy in 1535–6, Melanchthon expressed to students his interest in Greek mathematics, astronomy and astrology. He considered that a purposeful God had reasons to exhibit comets and eclipses.〔Jens Andersen Sinning and Frederik Julius Billeskov Jansen, ''Oratio de Studiis'' (1991), pp. 107–8; (Google Books ).〕 He was the first to print a paraphrased edition of Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos in Basel, 1554.〔Heilen, S., 'Ptolemy's Doctrine of the Terms and its Reception', in Jones, A., ''Ptolemy in Perspective'', p.70 (Dordrecht; New York: Springer. ISBN 978-90-481-2787-0.)〕 Natural philosophy, in his view, was directly linked to Providence, a point of view that was influential in curriculum change after the Protestant Reformation in Germany.〔Sachiko Kusukawa, ''The Transformation of Natural Philosophy: the case of Philip Melanchthon'' (1995), pp. 185–6; (Google Books ).〕 In the period 1536–9 he was involved in three academic innovations: the refoundation of Wittenberg along Protestant lines, the reorganisation at Tübingen, and the foundation of the University of Leipzig.〔Sachiko Kusukawa, ''Philip Melanchthon: orations on philosophy and education'' (1999), p. xxxiii.〕
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